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THE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

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IMPACTS OF VOLCANOES ON CLIMATE

HISTORICAL ERUPTIONS THAT HAVE THE MOST INFLUENCE ON THE CLIMATE


THE SANTORINI :
About 1645 ± 20 BCE in the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey one super volcano the Santorini also named Thera exploded. It would have ejected three times more aerosols in the atmosphere than the Krakatao up to 35 km altitude. The explosion was heard at least over 6000 km and climate was disrupted for ten years in the Middle East. It was 10 times larger than the Mount St. Helens volcano.

This eruption would have created a large tsunami in the Mediterranean with a wave of 60 meters high during the collapse of the caldera of the volcano which is partially embedded, according to researchers, because stones composed of a floating material were found all around at height 60 meters.

The consequences of this eruption on climate, and the tsunami ... could even explain some astonishing phenomena recounted in the Bible and the 10 plagues of Egypt. In this country of intense rains occurred because of aerosols while it is rare in this country. Then there were hailstorms, possibly caused by the ice accretion around the particles of the volcano. The sky would have been veiled by the ejected gas and ashes.

The last major eruptions are those of 726, 1650, 1926.


 

KIKAI :
There were about 6.300.years the Kikai had a strong eruption, one of the largest eruptions on Earth of the past 10.000 years. . About 150 km3 of ash were ejected. The volcanic explosion index of the eruption was 7. There were pyroclastic flows 100.km across the sea to southern Kyushu and ashes fell across Japan.

volcano is a caldera submersible with three small islands. Its diameter is about 19.km diameter. Submersible topography suggests the presence of a double structure collapse. This volcano has had three major eruptions.

The last major eruptions are those of 500 (VEI 3), -1090 ± 100 (VEI 2) and -6.300.ans (VEI.7).


 

THE TOBA :
There are 75 000
years there has been the most important eruption of recent million years. It was the eruption of Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia. This volcano would expelled 800 km3 of ashes and 1000 km3 of lava over a thickness of about 50 m to the coasts of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. The energy released was equivalent to 40 millions atomic bombs Hiroshima type . Most of India was under the volcano ashes after eruption. The Earth could have experienced a decline in temperatures estimated around 62,6°F (17°C), in the middle and high latitudes approximately but this impact is hard to detect because of the concurrent glacial conditions. This is what is called the "volcanic winter" and lasted 6 years according analysis. The ashes was spread over 2,5 millions kilometers. And in South India an ash layer of 15 cm fell.

A caldera long of 100 km and 30 km
deep was created during its eruption
so the largest of volcanoes

 

LONG VALLEY :
The Long Valley is located at east of California at 3390 m altitude.

During the eruption there are 730 000 years, 600 km3 of tephra and 580 km3 of lava have been ejected. After this eruption the top of the magma chamber was collapsed creating the caldera of Long Valley of elliptical form (15km to 30km).

Other important eruptions occurred there are: 500.000, 300.000, and 100.000 years.

 

THE YELLOWSTONE :
The supervolcano is located to the west of the USA in Yellowstone National Park on almost 898.300 d'hectares (88.x.95.km).The caldera of supervolcano that spans a huge area of 75.x.45.km from Northeast to southwest across the Yellowstone is 8 km deep.

There are 2 millions, 1,60 millions and 640.000 years to near 100.000 years, it had an eruption among the most violent of the last millions years. Its eruption could be 1000 times more violent than that of Mount St. Helens is 50 times more than the most violent bomb. This volcano could be the cause of the glaciations Biber or Donau or the Gunz that took place during its eruptions. It explodes on average every 600.000 years.

This volcano has ejected 280 Km³, 1000 Km³ and 2500 Km³ of ashes on earth. Half of the USA have been covered by the ashes of which a layer of 1 m in Denvers at the last eruption.

If this volcano exploded lava would ejecte up to 24 km high ! The temperature would drop to 53,6°F (12°C) and snow would fall at the equator. It would plunge the world into a terrible glaciation.

The next eruption is expected in the next 100.000 years like the past three eruptions have had regular intervals of 600.000 ans. 50% of molten rock must be in the magma chamber before the eruption and there should be only 10%. But the volcano evolves and the ground has 1.m rise by around in 75 years if the current rate of expansion continues ! This is due to the magma chamber.



Yellowstone Park seen from space. The dark caldera, which occupies the center of the image is the crater of the volcano.

To get an idea, here's what would an explosion of this super-volcano

 

THE VOLCANOES THAT HAVE OR MIGHT HAVE
HAD THE MOST INFLUENCE ON THE CLIMATE

DATE OF THE ERUPTION
NAME OF THE VOLCANO
VEI
COUNTRY
AMOUNT OF DUST EJECTED
 INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
LOWERING THE TEMPERATURE ON THE GROUND CAUSED BY THE VOLCANO
from 15 to
08/21/1991
The Hudson
+5
Chile
30 cm of ash on the ground but not high in the atmosphere
..
06/15/1991
Pinatubo
6
Philippine
20 millions tonnes of sulphur is 25-35 km3 of stratospheric aerosols
decrease in global temperature of 32,9°F (0,50°C) from 2 to 4 years after the eruption.
11/13/1985
The Nevado
del Ruiz
3
Colombia
0,56 km3 of stratospheric aerosols
.
03/25/1982
El Chichòn
5
Mexico
12 km3 of stratospheric aerosols is 20 millions tonnes of sulfur
in the northern hemisphere a lower 32,54°F (0,30°C) two months after the eruption.
05/18/1980
The Mt
Saint-Helens
5
USA
540 000 tonnes is 0,55km3 d'aérosols stratosphérique
32,18°F (0,10°C)
01/22/1976
St. Augustine
4
Alaska
0,60 km3 of stratospheric aerosols
.-
10/10/1974
The Fuego
4
Guatemala
3-6 km3 of stratospheric aerosols
-.
03/17/1963
Agung
5
Island Bali in Indonesia
10-20 millions tonnes is 16-30 km3 of stratospheric aerosols
32,54°F (0,30°C)
for 3 years
06/06/1912
Katmai
6
Alaska
20 millions of sulfur is 35 km3 of ash emission
32,36°F (0,20°C)
1902
Santa Maria
4
Guatemala
20 millions tonnes of sulfur
32,72°F (0,40°C)
06/10/1886
Tarawera
5
New Zealand
0,30 Km³ of ash would have been ejected. The eruption cloud reached an altitude of 10 km
.
09/06/1883
St Augustine
4
Alaska
5,10±0,04X108 m3 of tephra were ejected
-
08/26/1883
Krakatoa
6
Indonesia
50 millions tonnes of stratospheric aerosols in the northern hemisphere and 30 to 38 millions tonnes in southern hemisphere.
32,54°F (0,30°C)
04/10/1815
Tambora
7
Indonesia
200 millions tonnes of sulphur is 7 times more than Mount St. HelenF
32,72 to 33,26°F (0,40 to 0,70°C)
1814
Mayon
4
Philippines
550.000 km3
of tephra
.
1813
Vesuve
3
Italy
75.000 km3
of tephra
.
1812
The Awu
4
Indonesia
550.000 km3
of tephra
.
04/27/1812
Soufriere
4
Guadeloupe
550.000 km3
of tephra
..
06/08/1784
Laki or Lakagigar
4
Iceland
from 80 to 100 millions tonnes of sulfur
33,80°F (1,00°C)
05/09 to 08/05/1783
The Asama
4
Japan
0,45 to 0,50 km3 is 200 times less than that attributed to the eruption of the Tambora
around 33,80°F (1,00°C)
06/03/1660
Long Island
6
New Guinea
--
32,54°F (0,30°C)
1641
Parker
5?
Phillipine
--
32,90°F (0,50°C)
02/19/1600
Huaynaputina
or
Huayna-Putina
6
Peru
100 millions
tonnes of sulfur
33,44°F (0,80°C)
1580
Billy Mitchel
6
Islands Salomont
.
.
1452
Kuwae
6
New Caledonia in Vanuatu
It would have ejected the same amount of dust as the Santorini and Mazama
32,90°F (0,50°C)
1150
Quilotoa
6
Ecuador
.
.
1050
Baitoushan or Changbaishan
+6
East of China
96 km3 Tephra.
.
934
Eldgja
4
Iceland
9 km3 of lava and tephra
-.
930
Ceboruco
6
Mexico
.
.
02/20/535
Krakatoa
6
Indonesia
.
.
450
Ilopango
6
Savadore
.
.
416
Krakatoa
.
Indonesia
.
.
240
Ksudach
6
At the Kamchatka peninsula in Russia
.
.
01/15/186
Taupo
+7
New Zealand
more than 90 km3
of material and
30 km3 of ash.
.
08/24/79
Vesuve
5
Italy
As far as the Mount St. Helens
-.
60
Churchill
6
East of the Aleaska
.
.
50
Ambrym
+6
New Caledonia in Vanuatu
19-25 km3
of material
-.
-250
Raoul
6
Iceland
.
.
-450
Okmok
6
Alaska
.
.
-1050
Pinatubo
6
Philippine
.
.
-1350
Pago
6
New Caledonia
.
.
-1645 ± 20
Santorin
or
The Thera
6
Greece
3 times more than the Kracatoa. 30 km3 of ash and a cloud up to 36 km altitude
.-
-1860
Mt
Saint-Helens
6
USA
.
.
-3550
Pinatubo
6
Philippine
.
.
-6300
Kikai
7
Japan
expelled 150 km3
of ash
.
-75 000
Lake Toba
8
Sumatra, Indonesia
expelled 800 km3
of ash and 1000km3 lava.
62,60°F (17°C)
-750.000
The Long Valley
+6
California
600 km3 of tephra ejected
.
-600.000
and
-1,60 millions
and
-2 millions
Yellowstone
8
USA
expelled 1000 km3
of dust it is 600.000 years.
53,60°F (12°C)

Source DVI (Index measuring atmospheric dust burden volcanic (Dust Veil Index))
of the NOAA and source of the radiative forcing of the CRU-UEA

Click here to see a graphic showing us the total sulfate
ejected by volcanoes during these 110 345 years

 


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